“ THE UHLE POTTERY COLLECTIONS 
| _ FROM ICA ‘ 


> BY 
A. L. KROEBER AND WILLIAM DUNCAN. STRONG 


WITH THREE APPENDICES 
BY 
MAX UHLE 


UNIVERSITY OF CALTPORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN. AROHAEOLOGY | 
ee AND. ETHNOLOGY 
~ Vol, 21, No, 3, pp. 95-133, plates 25-40, 17 figures in text 


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THE UHLE POTTERY COLLECTIONS 
FROM ICA 


BY 
A. L. KROEBER anp WILLIAM DUNCAN STRONG 


WITH THREE APPENDICES BY MAX UHLE 


%.~ " _* oe ; x i ated ; 


y 








UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN A 
AND ETHNOLOGY 

Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 95-133, plates 25-40, 17 figu 

Issued December 31, 1924 


1 + 





THe UNIVERSITY OF CALIVORNIA PRESS 
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 
THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 
Lonpon, ENGLAND 7 « 
\ 


THE UHLE POTTERY COLLECTIONS FROM ICA 


BY 
A. L. KROEBER anp WILLIAM DUNCAN STRONG 


WITH THREE’ APPENDICES 


BY 
MAX UHLE 
CONTENTS 
PAGE 
ES al od URE WR ag eg NE ora A Re ee ne a ee 96 
Oo TEE REET PoC A ef a ee, RR ey a rene A ae ea RR 98 
Smee CM OL POL LOCV tralia: DY cGbY Le. cess, .iatavscapsvhesenin Accencaevievin wi covanqveacs vive ces 102 
PIPE CL COLT PELOLY SOF BUY TCS Geo ecsc.iapon ise she assdan tacos sds nadednopaeentecadadeiadetenentsosbaaceons avvtare 108 
Duration, distinctness, and succession of styles...........0.cccccccccssesestsseseeteseetesteesteseeees 116 
RENN Ro Oe El Nt Je A wgh ct a beitaae da ov ehastegh arpa ceaeeebeguas ORS 119 
Appendix A. Notes on Ica valley, from field reports of Max Uhle........................ PAL 
Appendix B. Notes on sites and graves, from catalogue of Max Uhle.............. nee ee 
Appendix C. Ancient civilizations of Ica valley, by Max Uhle...........0.00...0 128 
Catalogue numbers of specimens ilustrated...............cccserecessssuetarssenseeseaaeuennssesnseone 132 
PLATES 
Following page 133 
25-28. Proto-Nazca pottery 
29. Proto-Nazca and Proto-Nazcoid pottery 
30. Epigonal (Early Ica) pottery 
31. Middle Ica I pottery 
32-35. Middle Ica II pottery 
36-37. Late Ica I pottery 
38. Late Ica II pottery 
39-40. Inca pottery 
FIGURES IN TEXT 

ieenioorutvalley of lea.) By Max, Uble i025. ces ee ee ea eS 99 

ponecch man ol site 1, After Max Ublew. i. in bic. Giiersassccocek ncneonseds schon eveenes 100 

oearoy.or Oeucajée valley. By Max Uble.207..))is 3 fais enteral eas 100 

as ilonster design on Proto-Nazca, DOW! iv, <icccstecceas-cteacst/ectonncouedpactuten tetveenbieascrsain 109 

5. Bird desion on Proto-Nazca jar. ......ssisaccasadssnceeorees cena aA ali peor ih tae 109 

BumburONad BUY le jal ac MLS al OL ei Ree RL ee eect ee se, 

7-10. Conventional head designs from Epigonal vessels...................00:.:000 111, 112 
mente deste irom Lpigonal DO Wk naisieesc)pclgeoneh oat tee es eet ne eee eee 112 
too bird design from. Middle -Jca. 1 vessel. aici: sscste-ocaces somes velecndeea warmest tale 113 
13-16. Animal designs from Middle Ica IT bowls................0. cece 113, 114, 115 


17eancayessels of polished black wares. 2a vi51.6) wosesclaons aston Roe ees eee ae ER 116 


96 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


INTRODUCTION 


In a previous study? we have described and discussed the collee- 
tions made for the University of California by Dr. Max Uhle at 
Chincha on the coast of southern Peru. The present paper is a record 
and interpretation of the discoveries of pottery made by him in the 
vicinity of Ica or Yea, the second coastal valley south of that of 
Chincha. The Ica collection is three times as large as the Chincha one. 
There are some 1300 entries in the original field catalogue,” aggregating 
about 2000 separate specimens, including 600 pottery vessels, besides 
some lots of sherds. The collection is also more important in variety 
and range. At Chincha we recognized three types of pottery and in 
part of other artifacts—Inea, Late Chincha IJ, Late Chincha I; 
besides a few scant indications of a much more ancient or Proto- 
Chincha period. The Ica collection shows seven pottery styles, each 
established by a considerable number of vessels taken from particular 
sites or graves. In no ease do the contents of one grave include 
objects of more than one style.* The seven styles therefore represent 
more or less successive culture phases. They are, in our terminology, 
and in probable order backward from the most recent: Inca; Late 
Iea II; Late Ica I (these three phases correspond closely with the 
three determined at Chincha) ; Middle Ica II; Middle Iea I; Early 
Tea, or to use Dr. Uhle’s term, Epigonal, the appropriateness of which 
will be discussed later; and Nazea, or Proto-Nazea, as it has become 
customary to designate a very striking ware. The Late and Middle 
Iea subdivisions into II and I represent somewhat less marked differ- 
ences of phase than the other groupings. But they were made impera- 
tive by a detailed objective classification of the specimens and then 
proved to conform so neatly with the provenience of pieces according 
to cemetery and grave, as well as with passing comments scattered 
through Dr. Uhle’s field catalogue, that we feel no hesitation in going 
beyond his pioneer recognition of five periods by subdividing two of 
them. Each of the seven phases shows approximation of style to two 


1 This series, XxI, 00-00, 1924. See also the following paper, Explorations at 
Chincha, by Max Uhle, pp. 00-00. e 


2 Nos. 4-4205 to 4-5520. 


3 A number of graves, and small sites like G and Y, yielding few vessels of 
indistinetive type, have not heen assigned to styles and their contents have 
been excluded from the tabulations and formulations given below. 


1924 | ’ Kroeber-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 97 


others.* They must therefore be construed as parts of a continuous 
development. In the absence of stratification, this continuity is of 
course of importance. 

The method has been the same as that followed in the Chincha 
study ; namely, to classify and infer solely on the basis of the specimens 
themselves and the documentary data relating to their excavation— 
their provenience and association as given in Dr. Uhle’s field catalogue 
and his accompanying reports, letters, and plans. The interpretations 
made by him in the field were disregarded until our own were formu- 
lated; not out of disrespect for his opinion, but because the aim was 
to attain conclusions definitely enough attested by evidence to put them 
beyond the reach of being designable as opinion. It is thoroughly 
gratifying that when the conclusions are matched against Dr. Uhle’s 
as expressed in parts of his reports from the field to the University, 
and subsequently in various publications,® they conform in essentials.°® 

We take this occasion to express our conviction of the fundamental 
importance of Dr. Uhle’s work on the development of native culture 
in the Andean region. He was the first student to see a definite 
scientific problem in the chaos of fact presented by Peruvian antiqui- 
ties—the problem of the historical development of their culture; and 
he has at least blocked out the main outlines of an interpretation 
which, so far as we have checked it against the data, seems both 
penetrating and valid. Before his studies, there had been some waver- 
ing discrimination between Inca and pre-Inca or Tiahuanaco, but 


4The resemblances are least marked between Proto-Nazca, Epigonal, and 
Middle Ica, I, but are never wholly lacking. 

5 Uhle, Bericht tiber die Ergebnisse meiner stidamerikanischen Reisen; and 
Aus meinem Bericht tiber die Ergebnisse meiner Reise nach Siidamerika 1899-— 
1901, in Intern. Congress Americanists, XIV, Stuttgart, 1904, 567-579 and 581-— 
592, 1906; Zur Chronologie der alten Culturen von Ica, Jour. Soc. Américanistes 
de Paris, n.s. X, 341-367, 1913; The Nazca Pottery of Ancient Peru, Proc. Daven- 
port Acad. Sciences, xi, 1-16, 1914. 

6 The chief interpretative difference is in regard to the ‘Epigonal’ period. 
This term was coined twenty or more years ago by Dr. Uhle, and has been used 
by him since, to designate certain phases of culture, widely spread in Peru, 
regarded by him as ‘epigonal’ or succeeding upon and derived from the phase 
of culture exemplified by the monuments of Tiahuanaco. As to this relation, the 
present authors are not ready to commit themselves. They find the character- 
istic design forms of Tiahuanaco as definitely represented in Middle Ica I and 
II pottery as in the apparently earlier Epigonal pottery from Ica. This suggests 
that the ‘Epigonal’ style may possibly be pre-Tiahuanaco rather than decadent 
from Tiahuanaco. The answer to this possibility involves the relative placing in 
time not only of the Tiahuanaco monuments themselves, but of the potteries of 
the Tiahuanaco and the ‘ Epigonal’ styles found at Trujillo, Ancon, Pachacamae, 
and elsewhere in Peru, which is beyond the scope of the present study. Dr. 
Uhle in his latest publications continues to make the Epigonal period of the 
coast several centuries later than the Tiahuanaco monuments: 650-900 A.D. as 
against 350-500 a.p. (Los Principios de las Antiguas Civilizaciones Peruanas, 
Bol. Soe. Ecuat. Estud. Hist. Am., Iv, pp. 448-458, 1920). 


98 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


nothing more. In the definite characterization of the Tiahuanaco — 
type, Dr. Uhle had a large share. While others rested on that attain- 
ment, he pushed on, and at Pachacamace, at Trujillo, at Chincha and 
Iea and Nazca, at Ancon, in the valley of Lima, and elsewhere, accumu- 
lated evidence that allowed him to distinguish not only local types and 
local time sequences, but to correlate these into a broad scheme into 
which most of the known culture developments of the Andean area 
could be fitted. Concepts like Proto-Nazea and Proto-Chimu, which 
are beginning to be dealt with as current coin in the field of South 
American prehistory, owe their establishment and definition to him; 
and even those who remain most skeptical of a thoroughgoing un- 
raveling of Andean civilization are gradually beginning to follow 
partially where he led the way. Certain peculiarities of presentation, 
perhaps, the non-publication of any monumental work since the volume 
on Pachacamac,’ an absence of many years from Europe and North 
America, and lack of opportunity to prosecute larger systematic 
excavations, seem to have combined to prevent full recognition of the 
quite unique value and significance of Dr. UWhle’s labors. To those 
who are still in doubt whether to look upon him as one of the leaders of 
authentic anthropological science or as a speculator who operates with 
confused or insufficient evidence, the following fact may be of interest. 
The authors have now worked over the fruits of two of Dr. Uhle’s 
explorations, those at Chincha and at Ica. In both instances analysis 
of the data has forced upon them not only the acceptance of all the 
culture phases and periods announced by him, but the establishment 
of finer subdivisions. In other words, intensive, first-hand reéxami- 
nation of his evidence both corroborates and extends his conclusions. 


LOCALITIES AND GRAVES 


In the absence of detailed published maps of Ica valley, the sites of 
most of Dr. Uhle’s excavating can be indicated only approximately, 
as per a Sketch map filed by him (fig. 1). All the sites lie downstream 
from the city of Ica. Chulpaea (site M) is east of the river, five or six 
miles below Ica. Not much farther from Ica, but evidently farther from 
the river, is Pueblo Nuevo de Galagarza, or the Hacienda Galagarza 
near Pueblo Nuevo (sites X, Y, Z). On the road from Chulpaea to 
Tate, which latter appears to be about seven miles from Ica, Dr. Uhle 


7 Philadelphia, 1903. 


1924] * Kroeber-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 99 


discovered much valuable material at a spot (site T) of part of which 
he furnishes a sketch (fig. 2). Below Tate is Santiago, about eight 
miles from Ica. Opposite the town is site 8. So far, all sites lie east 
of the stream. Considerably farther south or downstream than the 
foregoing, in a separate basin about twenty-five miles from Iea city, 


VALLEY OF ICA 


Cultivation 
Algarrobales 
L] Desert 

5 Inca 

4 Lafe lca 

53 Mddle ka 


So 2 Epigonal 
eS. 


Sy Spee! 
(OIE 


— 


ai sya” 





Fig. 1. Map of valley of Ica. By Max Uhle 


is the Hacienda Ocucaje. Here Dr. Uhle excavated west of the river at 
a number of spots (sites A-H). The general topography of these is 
clear from a map in his field notes, here represented as figure 3. 
Seattering pieces or sherds were obtained by him also at Aguada de 
Palos and La Venta, upstream from Ocucaje; at Oyujaya, six leagues 
below Ocucaje; and at some sambaquis or shellmounds at the mouth 
of the river. 


\ 


‘ 
ae 
NS 


aN 


7/111) 1 \\\ 





Fig. 2. Sketch map of tombs at site T. A-—h from sketches by Max Uhle; 
i-n from notes by him, directions being certain but distances unmentioned. 

% 

‘ Ary ow’ 


= 


\ 
= OP 
> y lanco 
Sa Z Al My, Serre b: 
oe MWMifi py Wo / ally ts WN YY Min “04, 
6 . PIL a 
4 "ZB eee 4 


al! i 


nls suhaly was 


Bw ‘ ah 
iY pe A 


aS. wy 


RIN 


0 Zena 


- 


= 


Z 
Mie WW 


7 


MN \n ee 


LEGEND 
( Coltvation orAgarrobales 
OCUCAJE VALLEY a Desee 
5 Inca. 3 Middle lea 
4 Late ka 2 Epigonal 
|. Proto- Nazca 





Fig. 3. Map of valley of Ocucaje, 8 leagues below Ica. By Max Uhle. 


1924 | ’ Kroeber—-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 101 

Further data as to localities will be found in Appendix A, extracted 
from Dr. Uhle’s field reports; and as to cemeteries and interments, in 
Appendix B, extracted from his field specimen catalogue. The follow- 


ing list condenses the information on sites, graves, specimens, and 


period. 


LIST OF SITES AND GRAVES 


Grave 
or Tomb 
Original Designa- 
Site Description Locality Catalogue Numbers tions Styles Represented by Pottery 
A A Ocucaje 4489-4502 Proto-Nazcoid 
B B Ocucaje 4624-4649 1-5 Proto-Nazca 
C Ae! Ocucaje 4568-4622 1-10 2, 3, 5, 6, 8: Middle Ica I 
1, 4: Middle Ica IT 
7: Late Ica I 
4650-4660 a-b Proto-Nazca 
D D Ocucaje 4503-4533 Late Ica I 
E E Ocucaje 4463-4488 1-9 Epigonal 
4534-4555 10-15 Epigonal 
F F Ocucaje 4675-4788 1-23 Proto-Nazca 
G (E?) Ocucaje 4556-4566 
H (A2) Ocucaje 4790-4807 1-4 1: Proto-Nazcoid 
M Chulpaca 4276-4462 Middle Ica II 
) Santiago 4894-4902 a-d a, el, e3: Proto-Nazca 
ce: Late Ica I 
5481-5520 e-f e2, f: Middle Ica II 
ak Tate-Chul- 
paca road 4904-5475 a—n f, h1—2, il-4: Late Ica I 
a, d10, n: Late Ica II 
dl, d8, i5, k, 1: Inca 
x A Galagarza 4205-4228 Late Ica I 
Y, B Galagarza 4229-4275 
Z Galagarza 4827-4873 1-4 1-6: Middle Ica II 
4878-4893 5-7 


Grouped by Styles 


Proto-Nazca B 1-5, Ca-b, F 1-23, Sa, el, e3 


Proto-Nazcoid AG ELT, 

Epigonal E 1-15 

Middle Ica I C 2, 3, 5, 6, 8. 

Middle Ica II C1, 4, M, S e2, f, Z 1-6 

Late Ica I C7, D, Sc, Tf, h1-2, i1-4, X. 
Late Ica II T a, d10, n. 

Inca dl dstoskK els 


Other graves contain no pottery or pottery whose type cquld not 
be determined with certainty. 


102 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


CLASSIFICATION OF POTTERY TRAITS BY STYLES 


The method of classification by style according to unbroken grave 
lots on which this study rests is the same as that followed in the study 
of the Chincha collection previously reported on in this volume. It is 
therefore unnecessary to proceed by the step-by-step demonstration 
observed in that paper, and the results can be presented at once. The 
most notable findings that are quantitatively expressible have been 
brought together in the subjoined table. 


POTTERY TYPES ACCORDING TO STYLES 


fe. 8 oe Be 
Ze 42 3S GA 32 eae 
64. 9-1 ma So =a 
sf 325 35 38 28 2536 
8S eee 
Total number of pottery vessels............0..0.ccccccec cee 150 26 19 150! 1738 28 75 
Form 
Globular or bell-shaped jars with pair of linked 

small mouths" ie ees ule a ere eee eee It; 05.4 QO! a: OS aaa) 
Open bowls, sides somewhat flaring, concave in 

profile csv ck oss ees teste accents canoe ee ee 35 Ote O 0 Ol SOR 
Shallow bowls (or plates), sides straight or convex, 

base round or pointed— 

Patterned <).ce a cuttoas ea eee ee ee (S)9FS oom 3 0 O 

Without. pattern ::: <a, eee 0. 30) pad oes LOD 
Handleless jars, short spout cylindrical...................... ie OW 0 Os OREO 
Handleless jars, short spout with slight flare, 

mouth exceeding neck by less than 14................ Le Ossees 3 iy 0. 
Handleless jars, short spout with considerable 

flare, mouth exceeding neck by 1% to 24............ 0°50.) 1 were 6:5) Oe 
Handled jars; lonotspouter.. ene eee O02 550 QO. Lissa 
Very low bowls, flat bottomed, sidesslopinginward.. 0 0O 1 418 He the 
Low bowls, base and mouth equal in diameter, 

Sides CONCAVE s:,.0045.kcot a ee 0 0 (0 “Tae e 22 eee eee 
Black yarn bowls, sides constricting upward, in- : 

Cised a, Soa ee ee Oia ORanO 1 QO = 2ae2 
Barrel shaped canteens oo. ae ee eee oY © @ 1 2a owe 
Fiat canteens. 05. 204., oisiau-n hoc ee ee Om Ome 0 1 220 teO 
Bevel-lip bowls, cone frustum shape.......................... 0.0 O. 14 03Geiaee 
Bevel-lip bowls, other shapes, usually flattened 

spheroid): .ic..c.ii. tassel eee = L) S125, 080 
Jars with ribbon handles less than 2.5 em. wide...... Vin SONS 18) 6 tS 
Jars with ribbon handles more than 2.5 em. wide... 0 0 O 0 9 - O71 
Handles m horizontal planes; ne ee Oh. 0 0 4 #5 
Aryballoid jars, .o cade. ee OOO 0 0 0 6 
Vessels ‘with:a. foots pcos cee ore ee OR OcaeO 0 0 O 5 
Double jars with long spouts, one bearing a modeled : 

Pore AE FB ee A ie as See ee eae ' 0 0 0.0) 3 


1 Excluding a solitary Proto-Nazca vessel found among the purely Middle Ica II remains 
of site Z. 


1924] ' Kroeber—Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 103 


ae Heh apse oS 

nt OB hteieee ae aod 

ORNAMENT ZN 28 4% ‘9m 88. 88 & 

23 36 52 35 35 3B ed 

Color > Bp Sime iors hee 

ear eed ODREK CDTICCDETO) oo..2:2.sevssnvaccetvesasossatontsavesdentees Or —@ Oe BS ail 
UR IAN LOTSA eR Fi Se yoo coh ava Ronadys. lacs teed aslo OF O° 3 7 OF tO. 0 
eR ES 0 Ses syiuucack aus eu svestiaddes alcbwuonnataedios fA BN anh i 9 2 es 
MCL ear, chee oo de canis ie cue ss Ninal Uae eanetwraoonesied 40 is TL GE TL 
CDMS? TDAH EATS SR oR Ri le A eR ADEE S55 30 (On Oe 0) 
parE REREG CET oe asin au spats rsaisepaombcan ccaasaniosteinads Buh 1) Be Ofn00 0 
BYURPEE OOR) DE EECTDL. 4.60.5 nc .y ccosice dansevowssdssicsneavintessaurt acess oOUO 0 Os OmO 
Pe teECRD IRC WATE) 20 <2ncialsiatlbicapeecscttactennslacvaddustdnoniss 0 O O 2 Le 2 4. 
RE RTOS LON OL 50h osc cay tag aise cas secs so ecida- ahd apiaecss 4 0 O 0 0 oO O 

? Single color applied on what appears to be the unslipped paste of the vessel. 

® Two color pattern applied on the paste, or one color in slip and another in pattern. 

* The slip is counted as a pattern color. 

5 It is difficult to decide whether there are four or five colors on these two vessels. 

Pattern 
Human headed demon, with insect, serpent, or 

REE RED ONLY Nett)? ha ads incl oe chs hc cealtenunvoade 16m Oper 0 1 On 02 0 
AB EEO ibe UTM ATIC NNCELCS eee aac eSeessededcorecsctucpactacaevacteesetcorees OR ee Ome Ce) OOF O 
Hummingbird or condor, naturalistic.......................- Oe 0 0 O (2) 
Nee P PC AIIATITALISUIC 0, c.dopeecscsdcacensvuccésedoescaserissoseeses (a aan) 0 pe TAS SAW 
ET OT LOUISE ec goes va cice devine cde nun veevicl es avavinesvedee 300 0 1 One © 
RTE NOE AR io acy ednpiSes fos vasa bso pcxvosb~ Loxnvadovre oro 16-0, <0 0 OFS 01.0 
Symmetrical animal head (eye and nose con- 

TET! 756 0 ea ee a a a OR Ors? 0 Or 10 
Ares or angles pointed inward from edge of vessel. 1 7 2 2 ee eC 
Zone of dots, circles, or rectangles in lower half of 

CEOS dl ENE Se oe: Aa gy aly Or AW 
Zone of dots, circles, or rectangles in upper half of 

eT vtec ea ee ee Os Oat) SIA 20 
NOC ora od uA ceo civ it kein cdc soe SuviaseGSansnaosvles ie Oss we a aL 
RAPPTORel tO LExtile CHECE. «cc. cc...seciesswesevecostereeseesecesveres OOF aed a & & 
Maar Ce CACOTALE OUCLS 2 eis ae. cokcuchideacdncasiathiaeadevanevs One Ome 0 fe Ee ey 
RA POCPIAD PICS, 117 BELIOS. co occedecveccsesv-siveveceseberconsasdeduees OM Oma Ome 0 ee 4 
Conventionalized but recognizable bird.................... OF Ores malt 4 56 4 
Conventionalized but recognizable fish...................... OF RO SO 0 ce eee 
BE REMAIN eh i Brac jedian Gon Saadeh vied onnaiieos’ OR Os 0 0 ORO 

Modeling 
Vessel in shape:of animal or bird....................0..00000 re Ae 1 me 1 a 
Vessel in shape of human figure or head.................... a a 2 A ee 
Modeled animal attached io... .60.0....0i0..c00csccsceeveeeeers Oar Oem 1 ay ees 
Modeled peanut, corn ear, CtC.......:..::cccccceeecereeeneeees ish) va 0 OT O wee 
Py eseeU a BRANES: OF SQUABI:, oo cuscceceossoenogsesvednnesencantee OF Oe 20 0 2a Lae 
Plates with handle in form of bird.......................00 Om Ome 0 ) 05 
Flageolet in shape of univalve shell....................00004 O20 50 0 2a Omen 


It will be observed that each style shares certain traits with those 
assumed to precede or succeed it, and differs from them in other traits. 
As the number of traits is considerable, and the number of vessels 
ranges from 19 to 173 for the various styles, averaging 85, the 
differentiation of the seven phases is indubitable and their assumed 
succession highly probable. 


104 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


So far as the frequencies make it worth while, the absolute figures 
of the large table have been converted into percentages of the total 
numbers of vessels, in order to correct a possible appearance of irregu- 
larities of occurrence due to the available series of specimens from 
some styles being larger than from others. These percentage figures, 
which follow, are particularly impressive. 


PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION BY STYLES 


82 2. @8 Sees 
Sib gS So oy one eee 
An gm 2 oo oo oo gS 
S& SB 35 35 25 95 35 
i a 2 02) OS 
6 or: 7-color pathert: ciuc.c ee oe ee 5-070 0 0 = 04580 
Besdlor Pa ther wis icic ceils ss weussask Oe cee cee 23, O. 10% 00 O20 
4-colon pattern cect ce ee eee 33. ol 169238 0) 0 aks 
3-color patberti..c cds: Oras ce eee ene 28 58 5) | Si, ea aeoes 
2-Color Da thee Mois .5e.cu/a wth eet yeas See eee eee ac) 7 8 uid aes 
1-color pattern.2Ascguieis ret ee ae OP 20.16 5 0) 0350 
Uncolored j:...efir ccd cee eee rue ee ene eee 7 § 538 26 4654255. 
Biechero, £4: sso-tisc, es assed ieee ee ee OF Se OmeaO 6. 14 18...28 
Bevel-lip: bowlee Geri i...stieee ee ee ee eee 0 0° 0° 10) Is 30a 
Textile effect pattern............... se FRG  doseh Soe eee 0 0 5) 10) gate ee 
Pattern of diamonds or triangles in series.................. 0 0 O 10 40 254 


* Should perhaps be counted as 4-color. 


Form.—Two of the typical shapes of Proto-Nazeca are wholly 
confined to it: a more or less spherical jar with two small mouths 
connected by a ribbon-like handle (pls. 25, 29), and a deepish bowl, 
of inverted bell shape, the bottom being round and the upper part 
coneave in profile (pls. 26-29). The ‘‘shallow bowls or plates’’ are 
of the latter form in Proto-Nazeca (pl. 289, h, 0, q) while from 
Epigonal to Late Iea I they are uniformly shaped rather like porridge 
bowls except that the bottom is more or less pointed (pls. 30, 31, 35). 

Single mouthed jars suddenly appear in Epigonal (pl. 30) where 
they are abundant, and continue (pls. 31, 32, 33, 36) through to Late 
Iea II (pl. 88) with increasing flare of mouth. Late Ica I and II add 
a very long spouted handled jar (pls. 37-39). In Inca appear the 
familiar aryballoid jars (pls. 39, 40) and double vessels with long 
spouts, one of them false and bearing a modeled animal (pl. 39). 
Wholly Inea are also vessels with foot or lid; whereas the placing of 
the handle more or less horizontally while its ribbon is set on edge is a 
trait shared with Inea by Late Ica II (pls. 39 a, c; 40 m). 

Middle Ica, especially in its full or II form, brings the bevel-lip 
bowl, at first in the shape of a cone frustum (pl. 32 c¢, d), then, in 


1924 } ’ Kroeber-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 105 


Late Ica I, prevailingly as a flattened sphere (pls. 36 d, g; 37 a), as 
in Late Chincha I. Also as at Chincha, the form goes out completely 
in Late IT and Inea. 

Also Middle Ica in origin are bowls that rise sharply from a flat 
base. At first these are prevailingly quite low, with sides tending to 
slope inward (pls. 32, 35); later they are somewhat higher and the 
sides constrict somewhat (pl. 36 h, i). By Inca time the latter form 
has wholly supplanted the earlier. 

Canteen shaped vessels, both flat and barrel-like, also come in, 
hesitatingly, in Middle Ica II (pl. 33 e) and continue to the end 
(pl. 39), perhaps being most in favor in Late Iea IT (pl. 38). 

Incised black yarn bowls (pl. 38 j), which at Chincha were found 
. typical of Late II with some persistence into Inca, have the same 
range at Ica, plus however one occurrence in Middle Ica II, which, if 
there has been no error, carries the type back as far as any form of 
blackware. 

Color frequencies.—As to color, statistics are particularly impres- 
sive. Patterns of six or even seven® colors occur in eight Proto-Nazca 
vessels, and in not a single one from any other period. Five-colored 
vessels are abundant in Proto-Nazea, constituting nearly a quarter of 
the total. They disappear in Epigonal, reappear somewhat doubtfully 
and rarely, respectively, in Middle Ica I and II, and then go out for 
good. Quadruple polychrome has its highest frequeney in Proto- 
Nazea and is also the most frequent style of any in that period ; becomes 
secondary to three-color in Epigonal; is probably® more frequent than 
three-color in Middle Ica I although the percentage falls as against 
Epigonal four-color because of the sudden frequency of uncolored 
ware; again becomes secondary to three-color in Middle Ica II; snuffs 
out totally through both Late Ica phases; and finally reappears again, 
with rather low frequency and in new tints, but unmistakably, in Inca. 
Three-color ware occurs in every style, but is specially typical of 
Epigonal, and virtually the only color scheme of Late Ica. A single 
color pattern applied apparently without slip is confined to Middle Tea. 

Smoked blackware or bucchero, lacking from the first three styles, 
appears in Middle Ica IT (pl. 35) and becomes increasingly frequent 
in every succeeding phase. Facts lke this one are of interest as 
indicating that, however locally the perfecting of the classic Inca 
2 he counts are based on careful examination to preclude the counting of a 


single pigment as two when it happens to be unequally fired in different parts 
of a vessel. 


9 The series are too small for certainty. 


106 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


style was carried on, this style was by no means a pure local one that 
was suddenly carried over Peru by the Incas as something radically 
new, but that it had some of its roots in aesthetic and industrial 
tendencies originating long before and perhaps often at a distance 
from Cuzco. Conversely, the relationship of the Cuzco style to other 
local styles may have predisposed some of the latter to acceptance 
of certain traits emanating from Cuzco before the full dominion of the 
empire was asserted, and may subsequently have led to the acceptance 
of pure Inca forms to the degree that they were locally manufactured 
in abundance. On the other hand, these pure Inca forms, like the 
aryballoid, footed bowl with one loop handle, and handled plate (pl. 
40), come in so late that they must be regarded as specific develop- 
ments of the pottery style of the nearer environs of Cuzco. 

Less positive inferences can be drawn from unpainted and un- 
smoked ware, whose frequency is conspicuously low in the first two 
styles and then rises sharply and remains approximately constant, 
because of a possible interpretation alternative to the obvious one: 
namely, that the Proto-Nazea and Epigonal people indeed made 
colorless kitchenware but did not set it into their graves. In other 
words, mortuary practices rather than manufacturing ones may have 
altered in this point. At that, however, mortuary pottery was finer 
and household ware eruder in Proto-Nazea than in the five last styles, 
whose wares throughout are more on one level. Epigonal in this 
matter of relative uniformity goes with the later phases, on account 
of its best ware being technically poor. 

Incised ware is never of much frequency, but it is noteworthy that 
all uncolored pieces found are Proto-Nazea (pls. 28 f; 29 d) ; and that 
bucchero ones are represented as far back as unincised buechero goes, 
that is to say Middle Ica II (pl. 35 f) ; and persist with the unincised. 

Colors employed.—Assuming the five-color combination to be most 
representative of the Proto-Nazca style, we can call the typical scheme 
white, yellow, red, slate, black. The white ranges in some specimens 
to cream and dapple gray; the yellow to flesh, buff, burnt orange, and 
pinkish; the red to maroon and purplish; the slate to olive, light 
brown, gray, violet, and red violet; and the black to brown. If the 
colors are six or seven, there is an extra yellow, red, or slate pigment. 
Thus the two seven-color specimens’? in the collection show respec- 
tively white, dark yellow, red, dark red, light gray, dark gray, black; 
and white, pale flesh, dark flesh, violet red, slate gray, olive brown, 


10 B5-4645 and F15-4755. 


1924 | Kroeber-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 107 


black. The four-color scheme—the most frequent—generally omits 
slate, but sometimes red or yellow. If the colors are only three, they 
are usually black, white, and red—as in later periods. The normal 
Proto-Nazca slip, as shown by insides, rims, and undecorated portions, 
is a hard red, and well polished. It has body and firmness, like all 
the colors, but tends to scale off the paste in rather large flakes. 
Nearly as often as not, the ground color for the design area is white. 

Epigonal shows an almost invariably buff slip, rather thinly washed 
on, and possibly nothing but a coating of the same clay as the paste. 
Only three colors are applied, black, white, and red; and more fre- 
quently black and white, or black and red, than all three together. 
All the colors are weak and lusterless. 

Middle Ica I patterns are firmer than Epigonal ones, but the colors 
mostly still lack vigor. Slate and yellow reappear, sometimes to the 
exclusion of white, alongside red and black. Two pieces may be 
somewhat doubtfully described as showing flesh, red, maroon, gray, 
and perhaps white. . 

Middle Iea II keeps the four-color polychrome, but tends to a 
preponderance of three-color: black, red, and white, the latter rang- 
ing to yellow or buff. If there is a fourth color, it is a shade of the 
slate or violet of Middle Ica I and Proto-Nazea. White and yellow as 
such do not seem to be used on the same vessel. The ground color or 
slip tends to red, somewhat lighter or softer than the Proto-Nazea, and 
containing more yellow and less blue. It is generally pretty well 
polished. 

Late Ica I settles down rigorously to a three-color limitation, which 
is black, red, and white, the latter rarely chalky, if used in masses, 
but verging toward light tints of buff. The slip is most commonly red, 
and less frequently white than in the Late I of Chincha. Late Ica II 
follows the same scheme exclusively, and Inca prevailingly. When 
there is a fourth Inea color, it is the old slate or gray, reappearing for 
the third time. It has a violet tinge about as often as not, just as the 
Inea ‘white’ is a definite yellow about half the time. 

It is evident that just as Proto-Nazca uses most colors, it employs 
them with the greatest technical skill and precision, being possibly 
rivaled in this regard by Inca alone. Epigonal represents a sharp 
falling off technically and aesthetically, as it does in form. Middle 
Ica I wavers somewhat hesitatingly upward again, and II settles into 
a definite stylicizing of color as of figure. Late Ica I carries this 
tendency farther through a voluntary limiting to a three-color scheme, 


108 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


just as it textilizes pattern. It is a period of restraint rather than 
of decay or ineptness, of hardening convention, with innovation in 
forms rather than in ornament. Late II shows no change; but Inca 
reveals a perceptible final re-widening of color horizon alongside 
thoroughly new pattern motives and forms. 

Patterning.—As regards patterns, the statistics are clear enough, 
but of course convey an inadequate idea of the full stylistic differ- 
ences. The semi-naturalistic tendencies of Proto-Nazea are only partly 
indicated by the 40 per cent frequency of demon, head, bird, quad- 
ruped, or fruit patterns (pls. 25-29) as compared with a seattering 
1 to 2 per cent frequency of the same motives through the later 
‘periods—with a quite different handling at that. Epigonal patterning 
is far simpler and more sparing than Proto-Nazca and concentrates 
on two motives (pl. 30)—-a conventionalized bird or animal head, 
usually double-ended, and ares or angles along rims—which make up 
about half of its figures.1! Both of these are found as well in Middle 
Tea I (pl. 31 c¢), in which a band of circles around the lower part of 
vessels (pl. 31a) also comes into use, to persist, with some tendenev 
to shift upward (pl. 32a, c, d), nearly to Inca time. Middle Iea II 
(pls. 32, 83) introduces the first textile patterns, which overwhelmingly 
dominate Late Ica I (pl. 36) to become less frequent in II (pl. 38 ¢, g) 
and almost die out in Inca. The specific Inca patterns, such as those 
characteristic of aryballoids, and the swarming insect or worm 
patterns (pls. 39, 40), are rigorously confined to the Inca style. 


SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF STYLES 


-It may be of value to sum up the salient characteristics of each 
style, in order to convey a feeling for and clearer visualization of the 
succession of culture types represented at Ica. 

The Proto-Nazca ware is unique and distinctive in color, design, 
and shape. The average number of colors used is four on a vessel... 
Dark red is the commonest ground color; white, varying to cream, 
light gray, or pale buff, next frequent. Designs, basically in these 
two colors, plus black, yellow, and slate or an additional red, vary to 
brown, gray, violet, flesh and to almost pure orange, pink, and blue in — 
extreme cases of pigment application or firing. Designs are in large 
part anthropomorphic, human or ecat-headed monsters encircling the 


11 The rim are or angle appears in Proto-Nazcoid: pl. 29 c. 


1924 } Kroeber-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 109 


vessel (fig. 4) or holding human heads.?2. Rows of human heads more 
or less conventionalized, as well as fruits and seed pods, furnish 
motives for decoration. Birds portrayed fairly realistically, especi- 





Fig. 4. Tracing of monster design on Proto-Nazeca bowl B2-4625. 
White; violet (cross hatching); brown (hatching); black. (PI. 27s.) 


o, cS S529 
e SOR 
‘es res 
ih ese” RE 


"Oe 





Fig. 5. Bird design on Proto-Nazea two-mouthed jar S a-4894. White; 
violet (cross-hatching); yellow (hatching); black. (Pl. 28d.) 


ally the condor, hummingbird, and sea birds, are common as designs. 
Quadrupeds delineated in similar manner also occur, especially the 
mouse or rat, the llama, and felines. Fish are also naturalistically 


12 See the ornament analyses of this style by E. K. Putnam, Proc. Davenport 
Acad. Sei., x1, 17-46, 1914, and E. Seler, Gesammelte Abhandlungen, Iv, 1923. 


110 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


portrayed, the shark and a tuna-like species being characteristic. 
On the whole it is coastal fauna that is depicted. Nonpictorial 
designs are less striking. They include squares, bars, circles, and 
spirals, but the prevalence of curvilinear over straight or angular 
elements is conspicuous. Among shapes, globular jars with a pair of 
bridged tubular spouts are distinctive of this period, and on these 
most often appear the human-headed demons with centipede or 
serpent-like bodies. A bell-shaped bowl, rounded at the base and 
flaring slightly toward the brim, is also characteristic; and round 
bottomed, wide-mouthed bowls are frequent. Modeling appears only 





Fig. 6. Top of modeled Epigonal jar E2-3-+4—4471. White; buff 
(stippling); red (hatching); black. (Pl. 30d.) 


in a few instances: two vessels in shape of human figures, one holding 
a human head, the other a fruit, and two rather erude bird figures 
verging on the Epigonal style, represent this technique. Only rude 
cooking ware is unpainted and incised. All of the ware save the 
cooking pots, and a few pieces suggesting the Epigonal, is highly 
polished. The great majority of pieces may have been made as 
mortuary pottery. 

Early Ica or Epigonal shows marked technological inferiority to 
Proto-Nazea. There are fewer colors used, a reddish buff serving as 
ground color, and isolated, simple designs in dull white, red, and black 
being superimposed. The colors are much less clear and striking than 
are those of the Proto-Nazea pottery, the naturalistic portrayal of the 
latter is almost wanting, but the designs show some resemblance to 
the Proto-Nazca non-pictorial ones, although their execution is 


1924 | Kroeber—Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica ital 


rougher. A new design element enters: a double-snouted animal head, 
perhaps condor or puma, with an eye in the center (figs. 7-10). 
Flattened globular bowls narrowing toward the top, flattish conical 
bowls, and jars with short necks but no flare at the lip, are the 
characteristic shapes represented in about equal proportions. 


ORIEN 
i) 
RUS 





Fig. 7. Conventional head design from Epigonal jar E13-4544. 
White, red, black. (Pl. 300.) 


we. 


te 
eo ey YY 


eS 
yy eS 
7 % wy 


| ie 
=s 


Fig. 8. Conventional head design from Epigonal bowl E14—4549. 
Buff, red, black. (PI. 30 7.) 











Middle Ica I gives the impression of a transition between the 
rather pauperized Epigonal and the more elaborate decoration of 
Middle Iea II. Much the same shapes appear here as in Epigonal. 
The short necked jar has more flare at the mouth; the roundish and 
conical bowls are represented ; and added to these are pots with round 
bosses around their sides, and a flat dish with vertical sides but 


112 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


rounded bottom. The same buff or hght red coloring predominates, 
with patterns in dark red and black. The double-snouted head 
reappears, and two bird motives (fig. 12), angular and geometric in 
execution, anticipate the conventionalization of later styles. A large 
flaring-mouthed jar and in some degree two pots with bosses show a 
more elaborate scheme of geometric decoration with encircling black 





Fig. 9. Conventional head design from Epigonal jar E1-4464. 
Buff, red, black. (Pl. 30c.) 


MM 


Fig. 10. Conventional head design from Epigonal bowl E5-4474. 
Buff, red, black. (Pl. 30k.) 








Fig. 11. Are design from Epigonal bowl E11-4538. Buff, red, black. 


and red bands and an upper zone in three-color pattern, while a row 
of conventionalized birds encircles the neck. 

Geometric conventionalization of decoration marks the pottery of 
Middle Ica II. The design area is large and tends to cover the entire 
vessel instead of being confined to free standing figures. This surface 
is very often marked off into panels of rectangles or triangles, each 
decorated. Bands cirele the larger vessels and between these, or on 


1924 | _Kroeber-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 113 


them, are rows of simple geometric figures. Occasionally conven- 
tionalized birds are used in this form of decoration. In many eases 
the figures are close, approaching the textile pattern effect so char- 
acteristic of the following period. Interesting is the appearance of a 
somewhat exotic fauna, including probably the jaguar, monkey, 



























































SS QS ESS OI = 
SSaSeses fay Sa te SSeS Ee =a 
Sees =O == 2 \ See = sl 
i QRS a Ry) 
CO SS —— A 
QO \SS =i), 
“100 ) iS ee AV 
AWN YES Sin 
OS = ii) 
= NES Sy 
SNES FW 
NS +— 490909, 
NF XAAXX} 
== a 
> = XXX) 
= WX 
_— XX) 





a —— 
T= Wo ee 


—&—_—-@—__@--__-@—_® 
EE 


Fig. 12. Bird design on Middle Ica I jar C2-4592. Whitish (buff) ; 
red (hatching); violet (cross hatching); black. (Pl. 31g.) 

















Fig. 13. Design on Middle Ica II bowl C1-4578. Background, red; 
stippling, white (buff); hatching, violet red; black. (Pl. 35d.) 


parrot, and alligator or a large lizard, done in a partly curvilinear 
but definitely geometric style (figs. 13-16), yet with the forms rather 
well suggested. In a modeled vessel (pl. 33 b) the jaguar appears 
unmistakably. Among shapes, three types are common: jars with 
flaring mouth; a dish with practically flat bottom and low vertical or 
in-sloping sides; and a small bowl constricting conically toward the 


114 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


mouth which bears a gunwaled or beveled lip—a type now appearing 
for the first time. Black smoked bucchero also first appears in Middle 
Tea II, and in a variety of the shapes found in the colored ware. The 
proportion of black to colored ware, however, remains small. There 
is an unmistakable although not close resemblance in decorative treat- 
ment to the style of the carvings on the ruins of Tiahuanaco. 









QTE 









Fig. 14. Design on Middle Ica II bowl M-4333. Background, red; stippling, 
white (buff); hatching, violet; cross hatching, light red; black. (Pl. 35c) 





Fig 15. Design on Middle Ica II bow] M-4303. Background, red; stippling, 
white; hatching, violet; cross hatching, buff; black. (Pl. 32.) 


The pottery of Late Ica I is characterized by the predominance of 
the textile-like patterns. The coloring is wholly red, white, and black. 
Two forms stand out: the bevel-lipped bowl, either as in Middle Ica IT 
or rounded; and a flat dish with nearly vertical or inward sloping 
sides, usually somewhat concave. <A series of diamonds, either white 
rimmed with black or vice versa, meet point to point in rows on a red 
background, giving a distinct ‘woven’ look. Or, a series of conven- 


1924] ._ Kroeber—Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 115 


tionalized birds or fish, their ends touching to form rows, is done in 
black and white on a red field. The textile effect is evident in many 
other ways than these. There is a larger proportion of blackware 
in this style than in the preceding. Small decanter-like jars with 
long necks appear. There is occasional modeling: human faces on 
the long necked jars, pots in human form, reclining llamas, a few 
- birds, and some vegetable forms, mostly in miniature specimens, 

Late Ica II is clearly transitional between the Late Ica I textile 
pattern style and the Inca style which follows. There is a breaking up 
of the rigorous stylicization of Late Ica I and various approaches to the 





Fig. 16. Design on Middle Ica IT jar M-4302. eee red; stippling, 
white (buff); hatching, light red; black. (Pl. 324.) 


Inca manner without however the appearance of some of the most 
characteristic Inca forms, such as the aryballoid jar and goblet with 
foot, or the four-color scheme. 

The Inca culture is well represented at Ica. Four colors begin to 
appear instead of the invariable white-red-black of Late Iea I and IJ, 
with considerable tendency toward yellowish buffs, browns, and olives. 
Blackware is more frequent than in any previous style. A whole 
series of new forms comes in, including some with plastic representa- 
tion. A series of these is shown in figure 17. The vessels there out- 
lined are all in polished blackware, but several of the shapes occur 
in the collection in colors also. On the other hand, black aryballoids 
are unrepresented. The Inca style is too well known to need further 
description. 


116 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


& 


DURATION, DISTINCTNESS, AND SUCCESSION OF STYLES 


It should be remembered that the phases distinguished rest not on 
stratification of pottery types but on empirical classification. Hach 
lot designated as of one provenience —which in some cases was a grave 
or tomb, in others a site or cemetery —was examined as a unit, and then 
classed with other lots showing the same characteristics. When a lot 
proved to contain material of two kinds which elsewhere occurred in 
separate lots, supplementary data in Dr. Uhle’s catalogue almost 


=a aS 





Fig. 17. Inca vessels of polished blackware. From left to right, top, 
T d8—5061, T d1-4998, T k-5388, T 15-5342; bottom, Tk—5379, T k—5372, T' 15-5340. 


always indicated several interments within one ‘grave,’ or some 
within it and some adjacent. Thus Se included S el to S e4; simi- 
larly, T dl to Td10, Th1 to Th2, Til to Ti5. When thereupon a 
heterogeneous lot from such a ‘grave’ or environs of a grave was 
subdivided according to interments, the resulting smaller groups were 
regularly homogeneous in character.** 

This suggests, first of all, that the phases, or at least those from 
which vessels are found in relatively close association, were probably 
of no very great duration. This applies to Middle I and II, asso- 
ciated at site C; to Middle II and Late I, associated at C and §; to 
48'The only striking exception is a quite isolated two-mouthed jar in full 
Proto-Nazcea style found at site Z among material which otherwise is wholly 
Middle Ica II (Z 4-4851). The authors agree with the excavator that this piece 


must represent a vessel found by the Middle Ica II people in a Proto-Nazea 
interment and reinterred by them in a burial of their own day. 


1924 ] _Kroeber-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica ay 


Late I and II, associated at T; and to Late II and Inea, also asso- 
ciated at T. It probably does not apply to the association of Proto- 
Nazea with Middle II and Late I at 8, both on account of the thorough 
stylistic distinctness of Proto-Nazea; and because Proto-Nazea in all 
other cases: is found separate (A, B, C a—b, F, H), whereas the only 
pure sites of the other periods are M (Middle Iea II), D (Late Ica I), 
X (Late Iea I). The occurrence of Proto-Nazca ware in the same 
cemetery with Middle and Late Ica ware at S can therefore probably 
be attributed to accident. In general, then, Proto-Nazca artifacts le 
segregated, as do the Epigonal ones discovered (site E.) Graves of 
two or more of the five other styles, however, mostly occur in several 
parts of one site, indicating that these styles probably succeeded each 
other more closely or overlapped. 

This is also indicated by the fact that transitions between them are 
more numerous. The two Middle Ica phases do not diverge markedly. 
Middle II and Late I, both represented by full series, connect in their 
use of bevel-lips, textile patterns, and the like. And Late Ica II, like 
Late Chincha IT, is clearly a transition from Late Iea I to Inca. It 
might in fact be described as a phase of Late Ica I in which the pure 
style of the era had begun to be modified under Inea influences, but 
certain of the most typical Inca forms—aryballoids, goblets with foot, 
insect pattern—had not yet been introduced. Dr. Uhle goes so far 
as to say of these last three periods—which he recognizes as two, 
‘‘Later Chincha’’ and Inca—‘‘No certain distinction can be made 
within the Later Chincha period between what was pre-Inca and 
what had already fallen under Inea dominion ;’’ and again: ‘‘the point 
is simply this, that indigenous Chincha civilization and imported Inca 
civilization were contemporaneous in the valley.’’ 

Substantiation of this view is furnished by glass beads discovered 
by Dr. Uhle in Late Ica I graves Tf and Til, nos 5110 and 5468b. 
Both of these graves contain abundant pottery of clearly marked type. 
The only conclusion possible is that the Late I style may well have 
begun to flourish some centuries before the Inca conquest, but that it 
continued through the brief Inca period and until after the Spanish 
conquest. With the end of Late I and the Inca phase at Ica thus 
contemporaneous, Late II must also have been contemporaneous with 
Inca—perhaps wholly so. Of these three styles, then, Late I is the 
only one which may have had separate existence at Ica for a time; 
and all three were being practiced at the time the Spaniard came. 
Since, however, they are distinguishable, and occur each in its own 


118 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


graves, they must be regarded as phases characteristic of separate 
classes of the local population.’* 

As to the sequence of the phases, once this qualification has been’ 
recognized, there can be no serious doubt about the last five. They 
evince a continuity of stylistic development which leaves no choice as 
to their order, once the Inca forms are accepted as on the whole the 
latest. It is also significant that the proportion of perishable artifacts 
to pottery is lowest for Proto-Nazea and Epigonal, and highest for 
hate Iea and Inea. 

As regards Proto-Nazea and Epigonal, while the case is not quite so 
certain, the plates and table will probably seem sufficiently convincing 
of the greater distinctness of Proto-Nazea than of Epigonal from the 
five later styles. In fact both forms and ornaments of Epigonal—for 
instance the shallow, unslipped bowls, and the are designs along their 
edge as well as the animal head-—recur in Middle Iea. 

Further, the few pieces designated as Proto-Nazcoid (pl. 29 c-g) 
ean fairly be described as simplified Proto-Nazca with leanings toward 
Epigonal,** This fact indicates the sequence: Proto-Nazea, Proto- 
Nazeoid, Epigonal, followed by the five later phases, without such 
utter gaps anywhere in the sequence as to necessitate the assumption 
of a complete break in culture in the valley. 

This point of view clashes with Dr. Uhle’s interpretation of 
Epigonal as a decadent successor of the Tiahuanaco culture, especially 
in view of the obvious stylistic leaning—-admitted by him—of Middle 
Ica on Tiahuanaco. <A suggestion in his notes that Middle Ica might 
represent a local and Epigonal a general Peruvian outgrowth from the 
Tiahuanaco style, and that the two cultures might conceivably have 
coexisted in the same valley, is unconvincing. 

A much simpler interpretation would be that Epigonal came first 
of the three, and that Tiahuanaco and Middle Ica represented local 
developments—perhaps synchronous ones—out of the widespread and 
simple Epigonal style in an era of upward swing of culture. In this 
ease Ica Epigonal would still be truly ‘epigonal’; but to Proto-Nazea 
and other pre-Tiahuanaco cultures instead of to Tiahuanaco. This 
interpretation certainly fits fairly well all the data available from Iea. 
Whether it would equally well account for the data from elsewhere in 
Peru, the authors are not yet prepared to say. 


14 Compare the discussion of the analogous relation of Late Chincha II and 
Inea at Chincha, this volume, p. 49. 

15 Dr. Uhle in fact seems to have classed the Proto-Nazcoid material from 
site A as Epigonal. Compare pl. 29d with Jour. Soe. Américanistes, x, 1913, 
pl. 11, b, 4. Hence also his statement, ibid., 347, and again in ie C below, 
as to ‘two separate Epigonal cemeteries—evidently sites A and E 


1924 | _ Kroeber-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 119 


As to the alleged stylistic resemblance between Proto-Nazca ware 
and the incised sherds from the earliest shell heaps of Ancon,'* the 
authors reserve judgment beyond remarking that the resemblance is 
not so close as to be obtrusive. 

The history of pottery development at Ica may then be summarized 
as follows. The earliest ware yet discovered is Proto-Nazca, whose 
antecedents are unknown, but which took shape locally, about Ica and 
Nazca, and was never, in its pure form, made at a distance. This art 
probably decayed to give rise to Proto-Nazcoid,™ which in turn may 
have been influenced by, and finally submerged in, the widespread 
Peruvian culture known as Epigonal, whose local variety can also be 
designated as Early Ica. Out of this, rather possibly, developed the 
Middle Ica style in its two phases, perhaps somewhat influenced by 
the Tiahuanaco style. Late Ica I is clearly a continuous development 
out of Middle Ica II, and has close analogues or mere local variants 
from Chincha to Atacama, but the style seems to have reached its 
culmination at Ica. With the coming of Inca influences, Late Ica I 
modified to Late Iea II, and at the time of the Spanish conquest had 
partially begun to be replaced by pure Inea culture. 


CONCLUSIONS 


Seven types and in part periods of pottery can be distinguished 
at Ica, or, more exactly, five types and two sub-types. 

The succession of the last five of these, Middle Ica I and II, Late 
Ica I and II, and Inca, is beyond question, although the last three 
were also in part contemporaneous. The stylistic development of the 
five is so continuous that once Inea is accepted as latest, the others 
cannot be put in any other sequence. The last three types have close 
parallels at Chincha. The cultures of these two south Peruvian valleys 
during the last pre-Spanish centuries must be regarded as nothing 
more than slightly variant local forms of the same native culture, to 
-which there became added the Inca culture and a third strain hybrid 
of the two. | 

The two remaining types, Proto-Nazea and Epigonal (Karly Ica) 
stand farther apart from the other five than these differ among one 
another. They are therefore probably earlier; and of them, Proto- 
Nazea, as the more distinctive, is probably to be put in first place. 


16 Uhle, Intern. Congr. Am., xiv (Stuttgart, 1904), 576, 1906; xvi (London, 
1912), 30-31, 1913. 


17 Also conceivable as incipient Proto-Nazca. See pl. 29 ¢, g. 


120 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


Moreover, certain Epigonal shapes and designs are traceable in Middle 
Iea. On the other hand, there are no such connections between Proto- 
Nazea and Middle Ica. There is therefore rather strong indication 
that the historic sequence of types was Proto-Nazea, Epigonal, Middle 
Tea, Late Ica. 

The Iea Epigonal differs from all other Ica styles except the Inca 
in possessing fairly close analogues at a distance from Ica. A certain 
degree of similarity is shown by the Epigonal ware of Pachacamac in 
central Peru.’* A little farther north, at Ancon, whose potteries are 
being studied by one of the authors, the resemblances are vaguer. 
Still farther, about Trujillo, whose ware is being described by the 
other author, there is a ware of Tiahuanaco style but no separate 
Epigonal like that of Iea. The concept of Epigonal as a generic 
Peruvian style must therefore be used with caution. It probably has 
an objective foundation but as yet seems partly subjective. 

Both the Ica Epigonal and Middle Ica are undoubtedly related to 
the Tiahuanaco style. In certain ways Middle Ica seems to show more 
of the crisp character of the style of Tiahuanaco. Iea Epigonal is 
more slovenly, rounded, and hasty than either. It is difficult to see 
how Ica Epigonal could represent a decadence of pure Tiahuanaco, as 
Uhle supposes, out of which there then grew Middle Ica with a revival 
or persistence of Tiahuanaco traits that had been lost during 
Epigonal. The Ica Epigonal may therefore prove to be ‘epigonal’ to 
Proto-Nazea as much as to Tiahuanaco. 

There is some indication—a half-dozen vessels from two small 
sites—of a Proto-Nazcoid style showing the Proto-Nazea traits in 
reduced intensity. This eighth kind of Ica ware may be conceived 
as incipient Proto-Nazea or as decadent Proto-Nazca. In the latter 
case, it ought to show leanings toward Ica Epigonal; as in fact it’ seems 
to. This question is probably also answerable only through evidence 
contributed by tracts outside Ica valley, such as the Nazca area. 

There is nothing in the data here discussed to afford much clue as 
to the duration or absolute age of the periods dealt with. The latest 
estimate by Uhle—Proto-Nazea, 50-650 A.p.; Epigonal, 650-900; 
Middle Ica, 900-1100; Late Ica, 1100-1400; Inea, 1400-1550—seems 
moderate and reasonable. 

The collections of metal work, textiles, and all objects other than 
pottery made for the University of California at Ica by Dr. Uhle, will 
be described and interpreted subsequently. 


18 Uhle, Pachacamac, pl. 5, 1903. 


1924 | ’ Kroeber-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 121 


APPENDIX A 
NOTES ON ICA VALLEY 
Extracted from field reports by Max UHLE 


Ica is reached by 80 or 90 km. of railroad from the port of Pisco. 
This town is 20 to 25 km. south of Tambo de Mora, the harbor of 
Chincha valley, only some 5 km. of the intervening distance being 
desert. The valley of Pisco is longer and narrower than Chincha 
valley and lies along the Chunchanga river, whose name reminds one 
of Chincha. Nine leagues up the valley from the coast are the ruins 
of Tambo Colorado, probably the most extensive in the provinces of 
Pisco and Iea and possessing the repute, probably unfounded, of 
fabulous antiquity. Upstream from Tambo Colorado at an elevation 
of 2900 m. lie the ruins of Huaitara, also notable. Tambo Colorado 
is about 9 leagues from Ica (eight of them desert), but the Chunchanga 
and Ica rivers on which the two places lie flow respectively nearly 
west and south, so that their mouths are much farther apart. 

Tea is about 400 m. above sea level. Its valley, like those of Palpa 
and Nazea, is an interior one, with a continental, hot, almost rainless 
climate. The city of Ica lies about 20 leagues (100 km.) upstream 
from the mouth of Ica river. The stream carries water at all times 
to the point where it debouches from the mountains into the head of 
Tea valley, 6 leagues above Ica. From there on it runs, during the 
January and February rains in the mountains, as far as Ocucaje, 
8 leagues below Ica, elevation 310 m. Below Ocucaje the river rarely 
if ever carries water, this being taken up by irrigation above. There 
is a steady subterranean flow or infiltration which makes agriculture 
possible as far down as Ocucaje even if surface water fails to arrive 
more than once a year. In Ica valley, which is an open stretch 13 
leagues long by about a league and a half in breadth, algarrobas 
(mesquite like trees) grow where the eround level of water is not 
more than 6 m. below the surface, and tillage is possible where it 
comes within 4 m. Below Ica valley the river course alternates 
between rocky canyons and flat basins, the uppermost of which is 
Ocucaje, beyond which follow Chiquesillos, Callanga, Oyujaya, 
Samaca, Villacuri, Santa Rosa, and Monte Grande, the last being one 
league from the sea. Ocucaje produces cotton and vines, but in the 


122 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


lower basins only enough water can be got for the needs of life by 
digging, and some of the basins do not even yield wells. 

It is clear that the lower courses of the river were once better 
watered. Not that the climate has changed, but more and more water 
has been drawn off upstream. At Aguada de Palos, a league upstream 
from Ocucaje, there are ancient cultivations that are now unirrigable ; 
and at Oyujaya, 6 leagues below, where at present only algarrobas 
grow, there are old ditches (azequias) and adobe ruins of considerable 
size. There seem to be no laws preventing the unlimited appropriation 
of water upstream, so that the cultivated and inhabited area is shifting 
in that direction. This drift began in pre-Spanish times. In Ica 
valley, beginning several leagues above the city and extending 2 
leagues below, the Chirana extends through the eastern side of the 
valley, and, although an artificial channel attributed to the Incas, 
now carries more water than the river proper, often being full while 
the stream bed is dry, as in the season of 1900-1901. Tradition has it 
that an Inea fell in love with the daughter of the chief of Tate, some 
2 or 3 leagues below Ica, and was not accepted until he constructed 
the Chirana. 

Two leagues downstream from Ica and 30 m. lower is Pueblo 
Nuevo, near which, at Galagarza and Chulpaca, excavations were 
conducted. Pueblo Nuevo is said to have been the first site of Ica, 
founded by Valverde, and removed on account of earthquakes. Not 
far distant is Tate; also in the vicinity is said to have been Tajaraca, 
an ancient native town. As there is also a Luja-raca and a Taja-gnana, 
Taja- perhaps meant high or great. While tradition makes Tate a 
flourishing town in Inca times (and excavations in its environs 
corroborate), Tajaraca is much older, as shown by excavations at 
Chulpaca, which forms part of what was Tajaraca. The uppermost 
1.5 m. here carry layers of leaves from thatch, and in these levels 
objects of Inca period may be encountered. The tombs, however, lie 
4 to 5m. deep, contain objects of quite a different sort,!® and in Inca 
times had evidently been forgotten since centuries. 

Ica valley contains no important ruins, but ancient remains are 
extraordinarily abundant. Potsherds occur in numbers of places. 
Cemeteries usually le deep. There are mounds of abobes, formless 
hillocks up to 5 m. high, representing ancient buildings whose details 
have been lost. These occur at Ocucaje, in the upper valley about Ica, 
and especially on the haciendas San Ramon and Galagarza where 


19 Middle Iea II. 


1924] Kroeber-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 123 


ancient Tajaraca may have stood. All these mounds seem to belong 
to the last pre-Inca period.?® Some of them have yielded pottery and 
gold. Artifacts are also found in large, irregular platforms, 2 to 4m. 
above the irrigated plain, which apparently are natural formations, 
bear only scattered algarrobas, seem never to have been cultivated, but 
have served for habitation and burial, although the dry slopes of hills 
abutting on cultivable land were also used for interment. Ancient 
fields and ditches have already been mentioned. 

Near the mouth of Ica river, five minutes’ walk from the sea, there 
are two splendid sambaquis or shellmounds, each about 180 m. long 
from east to west, 100 m. wide, 50 m. high. These appear to be the 
first discovered on the Peruvian coast, and to resemble those of the 
southern Brazilian coast. Their bases may be low natural elevations, 
but probably 40 m. or more of their depth is almost pure shell kitchen- 
midden, only slightly mixed with sand. About a dozen varieties of 
marine mollusks are distinguishable. On these mounds I found erect 
house posts, insignificant adobe wall remains, fragments of textiles 
and wooden slings, a stone ax fragment, chips of stones, llama bones, 
whale vertebrae, and seaweeds, all well preserved on the surface. Also 
there were strewn about broken human leg bones, suggesting that they 
had been cracked for marrow. Potsherds indicated the civilization of 
the surface as the last pre-Inca one.** On account of the expense of 
diggirig mounds as large as these, dynamiting to their interior was 
considered but given up as unfeasible. 


APPENDIX B 
NOTES ON SITES AND GRAVES EXCAVATED 


Extracted from Catalogue of MAx UHLE?22 


Site A, Ocucaje. Excavations on a rock near the ruins of D [see map, fig. 3]. 
The site lies about 20m. higher than the ruins, in a depression between twe 
small summits rising about 10m. above it. The remains are of the Proto-Nazca 
style.23 The skulls are strangely elongated by deformation. 

Site B, Ocucaje. Excavations in the western part of El Tambo, where this 
falls to the river bed. The Tambo is a bare elevation, about 3m. higher than 


20 Sic, but cf. the statement as to the age of Tajaraca in the preceding para- 
graph. 

21 There are about a dozen sherds in the Museum (4—4671, 4673). Some of 
these are Late Ica; some almost certainly Middle Ica; and one or two suggest 
Proto-Nazca influence. One is incised. 

22 Condensed from comments in the excavator’s specimen catalogue. Com- 
ments by the authors in square brackets. 

23 ‘¢Proto-Nazca’’ has been substituted throughout for Dr. Uhle’s ‘‘New- 
found style of Ica’’ as he then called it. 


124 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


the plain, about 500m. long and from 60 to 250m. wide. Proto-Nazea style. 
Originally there may have been about a dozen graves close together. Most of 
them had been opened by the natives who have their huts on the Tambo and 
are accustomed to make excavations on the day of San Lorenzo in August... I 
found about four [sic] graves unopened. 

B1: About 0.5m. deep. Nearly all the bones decayed. 

B2: 2m. deep. 

B3: A wide grave, 4m. deep. It seems that a little gold had been found in 
this grave, which had been entirely cleared. Some broken vessels seem nearly 
complete and worth reconstructing. 

B 4, 5, without comment. 

Site C, Ocucaje. Excavations at the eastern end of the Tambo. The graves 
met with represent various civilizations. At least the contents of the, Proto- 
Nazea graves were free from admixture with objects of other periods, and were 
apparently older. 

C1: Large grave, 3m. deep, 1.7m. long, 1.2 wide. 

C2: Another large grave, 4.5m. deep; 4592, jar with bird pattern tran- 
sitional [i.e., Middle Ica I] from Epigonal to older Chincha [Middle Ica II]. 

C3: 4597, later Chincha [Late Ica I]; 4598-4600, older Chincha [Middle 
Tea IT]. 

C4: Later Chincha [Late Ica I]. 

C 5-10, no comment. 

Ca: Small grave containing Proto-Nazca remains. A similar grave or two 
may have been previously excavated here. 

Cb: Larger grave. 

Site D, Ocucaje. Excavations at the foot of the rock site A, in an extensive 
cemetery half surrounding the before- mentioned ruins. Later Chincha style 
[Late Ica I]. 

Site E, Ocucaje. Excavations in the west of the valley, beyond the culti- 
vated fields and algarroba groves, close to the hills of sedimentary formation. 
Epigones of Tiahuanaco. The same civilization occurs at Pachacamac between 
older layers below and later ones above. 

E 1-15, no comment, except that E 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9 are mentioned as previously 
dug into and E 5 as intact. 

Site F, Ocucaje. Excavations in a cemetery at the foot of the Cerro Blanco, 
between this and the cultivated part of the hacienda. Style, Proto-Nazea. 

Fd, 2, 3, 5, 6, 12, 17, 21, 22, 23, no comments. 

4; 4.6m. deep. 

F7: About 3.7m. deep. 

F 8: Superficial finds [apparently not definitely a grave]. 

F'9: About 2m. deep. 

F10: About 3.5m. deep. 

F'11: Not very deep. 

F138: Grave formed by a big pot, by the side of which stood 4750-52. 

F'14: 1.4m. deep. 

F15: Grave in shape of big pot 1m. below the surface. 

F'16: Not very deep, the body decayed. 

F18; 2.8m. deep. 

F19: 2.4m. deep. 

F 20:About 1.2 m. deep. 

[Site G], Ocucaje. 300m. northeast from the cemetery of the Epigones 
[Site E] is another cemetary showing remains of older or later Chincha periods 


1924 | Kroeber—Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 125 


[Middle Ica II, Late Ica I]. Small excavations were made here, but many 
pottery fragments were strewn on the soil. 

[Site H], Ocucaje. At the southern foot of the rock, site A, between it and 
the ruins near site D, there were discovered some intact grave chambers, one of 
them well built up of alternate layers of clay and of chamico straw (a kind of 
thistle growing at Ocucaje and much used in the construction of halls and plat- 
forms at the time of the Proto-Nazea style); two others built up of quarried 
stones. The manner of wall construction and certain objects (a small painted 
vessel, a frame of rods from a fan-like plume, etc.) leave no doubt that these 
grave chambers belonged to the Proto-Nazea period, even though the ruins just 
below are of the time of the later Chincha style [Late Ica I], and although no 
finely painted vessels of the Proto-Nazea style were found here [at site H.—This 
site is classed by the present authors as Proto-Nazcoid. It is the site of the 
‘three cave burials’’ referred to by Dr. Uhle in his Davenport Academy 
report.24] 

H1: Chamber of a chief’s grave. 

H 2; Chamber of a woman’s grave. Similar to the last but narrower and 
the walls of stone. 

H3: Grave chamber of a baby, built up of. stones, roofed with wooden 
beams, 0.6m. high, 0.6m. wide, 0.8m. long. The baby had been interred on its 
cradle, and apparently suspended from straw ropes. The skull was extremely 
fragile and may have been broken in packing [true]. With its woven bands 
still on it, it is of extreme interest because it shows, as has never before been 
observed, the exact manner in which the long deformed heads were produced 
during childhood. The long deformed heads common in the tombs of Bolivia 
are quite as typical of the race of the Proto-Nazea style. 

H4: Near these mummies a pot containing the remains of a mummy was 
found in the same soil without a chamber being distinctly observable, although 
the soil showed alternate layers of clay and chamico straw similar to the walls 
of chamber H 1. 

Site M, Chulpaca. 

Site 8, Santiago. 

Sa: Acquired from Sr. Delgado, on whose property is a Proto-Nazca cemetery. 

Sb: At the bottom of an azequia, pieces washed from graves. 

Se: Acquired in the hut of a neighbor of Delgado, from excavations in a 
huaca on the property of Lorenzini. Last Chincha period [Late Ica I or IT]. 

Sd: From the surface of another huaca on the hacienda of Sr. Olaechea. 
Older Chincha [Middle Ica]. 

Sel: Excavations on the hacienda Santiago of the Olaechea family, south- 
west of the main building [of the hacienda] at the foot of the southern hills. 
Proto-Nazca. 

S e2: From the same spot: grave of older Chincha period [Middle Ica]. 

Se3: Excavations at the same spot as Sel. 

Se4: From the same spot as § el and S e3 and from places in the plain about 
70m. and 200m. distant, these latter having been only superficially settled and 
being recognizable by pottery, chipped stones, and adobe on the surface. No 
such remains were found elsewhere in the plain. 

Sf: Excavation of a cemetery of the same period as S e2, about a mile to 
the north. 

Site T, on the road between Chulpaca and Tate. [See map, fig. 2.] 


24 Op. cit., p. 7. 


126 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [ Vol. 21 


Ta: A large grave. When a grave post and the vessel 4877 were found, the 
soil below them was found to be loose, which indicated further graves deeper. 
... After my return from Lima, I resumed, with splendid results. ... It was 
one of the most curious tombs and one of the richest in silver I ever opened, 
though many objects are partly decomposed. ... This grave was about 5m. 
deep and wide at the top. 

Tb: A small grave, only 1.2m. deep, of a child of the better class. So 
contiguous to Ta that it can be dated as surely from the same period, which 
is confirmed by the stylistic identity of the contents. 

Te: Grave 4.6m. deep, 1.5m. long and broad at bottom, considerably less 
at top, like Ta. Grave post 5008 lay 1.5m. below the surface. Besides the 
large burial pot, there was only one pottery vessel and that little ornamented. 
There were two wooden implements beside the burial pot, uncarved and inferior 
to those in Ta. Nevertheless the grave was the richest I ever opened, seven 
objects of gold in it aggregating a weight of 500 grams. Curiously enough, 
T a, so much richer in other contents, held only silver, though much of that. 
Besides the gold, there was so little in Te that it is difficult to decide its 
attribution to the end of the pre-Inca Chincha period (Late Ica I or II] or to 
the time when the Incas occupied Iea. 

Td: Less important graves, near the surface [apparently near Tc]. 

T dl, d2: About 2m. deep. 

T d3-6: Four shallow graves, each containing one object, the bodies being 
decayed. 

Td7: Shallow grave of a child, near the preceding. Interment after the 
Spanish conquest, because with the mummy were beads of blue glass (5007). 

Td8: The main grave chamber lay below the drifted sand, was 2.4 deep, 
4.6m. long from NNW to SSE, 2.95m. wide. Apparently robbed anciently.... 
The bones, most of which are gone, seem to represent about a dozen individuals. 
The pottery lay mostly in the SE corner, lower than the bones of the principal 
individuals interred. ... The grave was that of one of the leading persons in 
the valley during the Inca dominion. 

Td9: The soil above Td8 contained mummies, which however represented 
not Inca but the original and older Chincha civilization [Middle Ica (?) or if 
‘older’ in the sense of ‘older than Inca,’ then Late Ica]. There is no doubt 
that these mummies were buried after the burial of the individuals of high 
rank below them. The situation is simply that the indigenous Chincha civiliza- 
tion and imported Inca civilization were contemporaneous in the valley. 

Td10: Another mummy near the upper surface of the high eastern border 
of the great tomb d [viz., T d8]. 

T dll: Another mummy. 

Tf: Southeast of Te. Grave 4-4.5m. deep, not very wide. Found empty 
after three days of excavation. 

Tg: Grave, near Tf, SSW [from Tf or Tec ?]. Previously excavated, 
although a ceiling of adobes was found at a depth varying from 2.2m. on the 
west to 3m. on the east. 

Thi: About 30m. southeast of Td. Intact, and the richest grave dis- 
covered. It is curious that no two of the rich graves opened in the past few 
weeks agree in kind of objects contained, although the style and type of 
civilization represented are uniform. 

Th2: Upper layers of the grave [Thl] but below mummy 5122 [which 
represents the uppermost of three levels of burial at Th]. 


1924 | . Kroeber—Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 127 


Ti: Beyond Th to the southwest; 6m. deep... . In the upper levels lay 
the burials T il-4. 


T 15: In the lower parts there were evidences of the grave having been used 
repeatedly, probably for members of one family. The main funeral pot gener- 
ally found in graves of this character was replaced by three nested ones, but 
these had been overturned and most of the contents removed, so that they 
yielded only nos. 5330-5334. Other objects found in this grave [i.e., in the 
same chamber but not associated with the mummy in the triple pot] are 
nos. 5335-5367 and 5424-5428, These are peculiar not as to their time but as 
regards their eclectic nature. They were evidently in use simultaneously: 
objects of the indigenous civilization of the valley; objects of Inca art in the 
style of Cuzco; and objects of the common coast civilization of the time. In 
this grave there were principally objects of the common coast civilization— 
which are uncommon in Ica valley—mixed with a few objects in the style of 
Cuzco. A few pieces belonged to the indigenous art of the valley. It appears 
possible that some of the chiefs governing the valley under Inca dominion had 
been called in from northerly provinces, such as the coast from Cafete to Lima. 


T1i6: Separate, unimportant burial. 

Tk: South of Ti. Nearly pure Inca civilization. Surprisingly shallow for 
the uncommonly good workmanship and importance of the contents. The oar- 
like implement, 2.2m. long, had its top only 0.8m. below the surface, making 
the grave only 2.5m. deep. 

Tl: At the north corner of the gravefield, that is about 20m. north of Tb. — 
Several additional mummies lay near the surface. 

Tm: Shallow grave, the mummy decayed. 

Tn: Southwest of Tk. Promised to be deep, but went down only 2.5m. 
and the mummy had been removed. The pottery was of Inca time and style of 
the valley [viz., Late Ica II contemporary with Inca]. 

Site X. Galagarza del Pueblo Nuevo, about 9 km. south of Ica. 

Site Y. Also at Galagarza, about 100m. from X, but on the property of 
Leandro Mendoza. 

Site Z. Later excavations at Galagarza, 2 leagues below Ica. Older Chincha 
epoch [Middle Ica]. 

41-3. Separate graves. 

Z4: Fine two-mouthed bottle with design of mythical monster in Proto- 
Nazea style. Otherwise the grave contents represent the ancient Chincha style 
[ Middle Ica]. 

Z5, 6: Separate graves. 


128 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn.. [Vol. 21 


APPENDIX C 


ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS OF ICA VALLEY 
By Max UHLE25 


I discovered at Ica five civilizations, three of which may be 
considered new. 


1, an ancient civilization whose remains alone would have deserved a visit 
[Proto-Nazea]. 
2, fading epigones of the civilization of Tiahuanaco [Epigonal]. 
, an older local civilization of Ica and adjacent valleys [Middle Ica]. 
a later local civilization of the same valley [Late Ica]. 
, traces of Inca civilization. 


OV He oo 


The first civilization [Proto-Nazca] I shall discuss further below. 
I found it first at Ocucaje at three or four spots [sites A, B, D, F, H] 
but represented to very different extent, sometimes only one or two 
graves. There is no doubt that it will also be found higher up in the 
valley of Ica. This civilization seems to be of no great extent over 
Peru, though it is improbable that it is of purely local character. 
Among about three vessels of this kind in the Museum in Berlin, one 
bears the indication of being from Chala in the south of the Depart- 
ment of Ica. I am determined to follow the traces of this interesting 
civilization wherever I find it. 

I found the second civilization [Epigonal] in two [sic] cemeteries 
close to each other at the foot of the dry slopes of the hills southwest 
of the cultivated part of the hacienda of Ocucaje [sites A(?), KE], 
which I excavated for a week. I found it again, though I made no 
special excavations, at the upper end of the dry river basin of 
Oyujaya, which now contains only dry groves of algarroba trees, six 
leagues below Ocucaje. 

This civilization is quite [sic] the same as the Epigonal which I 
found at Pachacamac in 1896, proving that it was a civilization of no 
local character, but general south Peruvian at a certain period. 

OMe thin ar oeudix is the summary concluding a lengthy field letter dated at 
Ocucaje February 26, 1901. Stylistic changes have been made as in Dr. Uhle’s 
report on Chincha valley published in this volume; additions by the authors are 
in square brackets; and the order of certain passages has been interchanged 
to conform with a renumbering of his cultures in chronological order. The 
manuscript proceeds from Epigonal to Inca and then leaps back to Proto-Nazca, 
perhaps for climactic effect—This section is added, first, to convey the degree 


of agreement and diversity of conclusion between the authors and the explorer; 
and second, to avow and record his priority in most of the conclusions formulated. 


1924 ] Kroeber-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 129 


The third civilization [Middle Ica] was best represented at Chul- 
paca [site M] near Galagarza. I found the same civilization at several 
spots at Ocucaje [sites C, G] and in a part of Oyujaya below, but not 
so well represented as at Chulpaca. It is a neat culture, exuberant in 
the development of its ornamentation. The technic and painting of 
its vessels are good, the style not elevated and somewhat geometrical. 
In the painting of the vessels can be discerned several traces of 
dependence on the style of Tiahuanaco. But the development from 
the Tiahuanaco style has been of quite another kind than that of 
civilization 2. The style of civilization 8 is local, that of 2 was general 
south Peruvian. This will explain how it was possible that the develop- 
ments of their styles took quite different paths. 

The fourth civilization [Late Ica] is only a development from the 
third. The ornamentation is less rich. That is to say, it impoverished 
a little, certain interesting types of vessels no longer occurring. The 
ornamentation differs in some details from that of pottery of the valley 
of Chincha, but the similarity is so strict in several respects that I do 
not hesitate to believe that the general civilization of the two valleys 
was the same in this period, and that the population of the valley of 
Ica in the last pre-Inca time probably consisted of Chinchas similar 
to the Chinchas of the valley of Chincha. The similarity extends also 
to certain implements, as, for instance, large shovels or spades of hard 
wood, probably used for work in the azequias. I found this civilization 
in every part of the valley of Ica [sites 8S, T, X; see also map, fig. 1], 
in all parts of the hacienda Ocucaje [sites C, D; see also map, fig. 3], 
at Oyujaya, at Monte Grande, and near the mouth of the river of Ica. 

Inea remains [fifth civilization] are rare in this valley as far as I 
have knowledge.*®° I know of Inca plates-excavated at Galagarza, I 
excavated an Inca bottle at Chulpaca now in the collection,?’ and I 
saw another that had been excavated near the river. 

It must be observed that cemeteries of the syles 1, 2, 3, and 4 are 
nearly without exception quite separate. There is no doubt that their 
representatives were different populations from the others. It is 
possible that representatives of styles 2 and 8 (Epigonal and Middle 
Ica) lived simultaneously as neighbors in one valley. But in that 
ease they were peoples of different nation, different origin, different 


26 Site T had not yet been excavated at this writing. 


27 Dr. Uhle’s excavations at Galagarza (sites X, Y, Z) produced only Middle 
and Late Ica material (his periods 3 and 4). He evidently refers to Inca plates 
seen but not secured by him. The Inca jar or ‘bottle’ from Chulpaca has not 
been identified in his collection. 


130 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


civilization and customs, and probably different language too, since 
their cemeteries are generally clearly separate. But if they were 
contemporaneous, this situation would be only the more interesting. 

The shape of the graves is different in various periods. 

Common types of the graves of civilization 1 are: square in the 
upper part and round below; or nearly round above and square below. 
The lower part is sometimes covered with poles and sometimes with 
broken, hard sedimentary stones. 

The graves of period 2 are many times cut out in the white 
argillaceous sedimentary rock of the valley, sometimes as large 
parallelepipedons, sometimes as small ones. 

The graves of periods 3 and 4 are generally parallelepipedal or 
room-like. There can often be observed roofs of reed supported on 
poles above the mummy, as if it were sitting in a hut. 

The manner of preservation of the dead is different. 

In period 2 the body was enveloped in much cotton and bound with 
ropes to form a big cylindrical bale. I am sorry that I could not 
preserve a bale of this kind. 

In period 4 the bundles are less deformed. The dead appear to 
have been wrapped in leaves and a skin, or in cotton, and bound with 
ropes; but the bundle is of a different shape and size from that of 
period 2. 

Skulls are often deformed. But the deformation in periods 2, 3, 
4 made the skulls flat on the occiput, and broad, as was the general 
custom on the coast. The skulls of period 1 are quite different, being 
much elongated, some to an interesting degree. They rather resemble, 
therefore, the skulls of the mountaineers, as, for instance, in Bolivia. 
This indicates that civilization 1 is more different from 2, 3, 4 than 
these differ among themselves. On the other hand the similarity of 
the skulls with those of the Bolivian mountaineers does not prove that 
the people of civilization 1 came from there. 

There is another important difference between the several civiliza- 
tions in the manner of using adobes. The people of civilization 1 did 
not use square and parallelepipedal adobes, but only irregular balls of 
clay, in volume from about one to six fists, the shape sometimes more 
or less hemispherical. In other periods the use of square adobes was 
preferred. 

The older geographical names in the valley of Ica and lower down 
on the river belong, so far as I can see, to at least two different 
languages. One of these is Quechua, the other older. I count among 


1924 | Kroeber—Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 131 


geographical terms of Quechua provenience the following: Chirana, 
Huacachina, Chulpaca, Tinguina (?), Comatrana (?), Callanga (?). 
Among those of an older origin would be: Ica, Lujaraca, Tajaraca, 
Ocucaje, Oyujaya, Cachiche, Tate. 

The style of the vessels of civilization 1 (little is met with besides 
objects of clay, probably in consequence of great antiquity) is quite 
exceptional. For the first, it is a great style. Everything shows a 
great conception. It is further quite different from other Peruvian 
styles (with the exception of the older style of Trujillo and Chimbote) 
in the skill and adroitness of the drawing, the liveliness of the attitudes 
’ of the represented figures. All this gives the impression of provenience 
from a foreign country rather than of south Peruvian origin. The 
painting is excellent. It may be that the technic and the colors used 
in painting show some similarity with the pottery of the style of 
Tiahuanaco. But this similarity would not appear to conclude the 
question of origin. The general difference, in liveliness and subjects 
represented, between the style of Tiahuanaco and style 1 of Ica being 
granted, it would still appear quite as possible that the style of 
Tiahuanaco was derived from this, as the reverse. It is true that the 
Tiahuanaco style is archaic, and the other has all the characteristics 
of a classical epoch, so far as classicity may be spoken of in American 
Indian styles. But it would be quite as possible that the influence of 
a classical style of foreign provenience roused an archaic style among 
a new nationality, as that the classical style was developed out of the 
archaic. At least, I do not see enough similarity for the latter 
conclusion. 

One similarity cannot be overlooked, that is between style 1 of Ica 
and the ancient style of Chimbote and Trujillo in the objects repre- 
sented. In both we have some preference for bird figures; in both we 
have long necked birds like herons represented similarly ; in both we 
have above all myriapods with human heads and legs, wound around 
the vessel in a similar way. The University has a large plate of this 
kind in my collection from Trujillo, an excellent piece, found scattered 
through the soil in many pieces. In both we find lizards painted 
hanging in rows around the body of the vessel. 

I compare these observations with the linguistic observations first 
made by the late Dr. Brinton, that it appears from small vocabularies 
that the language of Trujillo must have been spoken also in the terri- 
tory of the Chinchas. And I must say that the similarity of these 
old styles with one another is much closer than any similarity that 


132 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


might be construed between the art of the late Chimus and the later 
Chincha art. 

But the similarity with the style of Trujillo, however real it is and 
however indicative of some original connection, does not exhaust the 
problem of the national character of style 1 of Ica. There is something 
in the latter which reminds one more of Mexico or Central America 
than of Peru. The general type of drawing seems to show more 
Central American character. Figures are sometimes full of significant 
details, as is not customary in styles of native Peruvian origin. There 
are pots with large ornaments a la grec, which remind one much more 
of the art of Mitla, in the shape of the pot, the type of the ornament, — 
and the coloring, than of Peruvian art. I may call attention to the 
existence of an ancient tradition (as reproduced by J. J. von Tschudi) 
that immigrants from a Central American region (or thereabouts) 
came along the Peruvian coast and settled in Ica, following their way 
to Huaitara. And it is curious, too, though it seems accidental, that 
I have now in my possession small pieces of jadeite, a mineral common 
in Central America, but never yet found in Peru. However, this was 
discovered in a grave of period 3. 


CATALOGUE NUMBERS OF SPECIMENS ILLUSTRATED” 


Plate 25, Proto-Nazca: a, F6-4708; b, F10-4730; c, B5-4645; d, F11-4737; 
e, F4-4691; f, B4-4635; g, F11-4735; h, B5-4644. 

Plate 26, Proto-Nazca: a, F11-4738; b, B5-4646; c, F2-4679; d, B4—4639; 
, F7-4716; f, B5-4648; g, F19-4769; h, F6-4707; i, B4-4637; j, F19-4768. 

Plate 27, Proto-Nazea: a, F13-4750; b, F3-4685; c, F22-4779; d, 21-4776; 
, Cb-4657; f, F23-4782; g, F11-4742; h, F3-4681; i, Cb-4652; j, F7-4715; 
k, B4-4636; 1, F17-4761; m, F21-4775; n, F9-4726; 0, F18-4767; p, F7-4714; 
q, F12-4747; r, F12-4746; s, B2-4625; t, F17-4759; u, F4-4698; v, C b—-4655; 
w, F18-4765; x2, F9-4728. 

Plate 28, Proto-Nazea: a, S e8-5498; b, F15-4755; c, F21-4774; d, S a—4894; 
e, F-3-4683; f, F10-4732; g, F4-4694; h, B3-4630; 1, Cb—-4656; j, F2-4680; 
‘k, S e1-5483; 1, S el1—-5482; m, F1-4675; n, F20-4771; 0, F3-4687; p, (near F6)— 
4711; q, F11-4741. 

Plate 29, Proto-Nazea: a (Pan’s pipe), B4-4642; b, B4-4641; Proto-Nazcoid: 
c, A-4490; d, A-4496; e, A-4495; f, A-4493; g, A-4789. 

Plate 30, Epigonal (Early Ica): a, E5-4475; b, E10-4534; c, E1—4464; d, 
(E2-E4)-4471; e, E8—4484; f, E6-4479; g, (E2—-E4)-4470; h, E13-4547; 4, . 
E15-4451; j, E14-4549; k, E5-4474; 1, H12-4545; m, E6-4478; n, E15—-4555; 0, 
E12-4544; p, E5-4477; q, E6-4480. 


d 


is) 


28 The museum numbers of specimens actually all bear the prefix 4-, but this 
has been replaced, throughout the present paper, by a prefix indicating the site 
(capital letter) and grave (number or small letter). Thus F6-4708 instead of 
44708. 


1924 | Kroeber-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 133 


Plate 31, Middle Iea: I: a, C3-4598; b, 02-4595; c, C5-4603a; d, C2-4594; 
e, C3-4600; f, C3-4597; g, C2-4592. 

Plate 32, Middle Ica II: a, M-4302; b, M-4343; c, M-4303; d, M-4304; 
e, C1-4571; f, M-4341; g, M-4329; h, M-4291; i, C1-4575; j, M4292. 

Plate 33, Middle Ica II: a, M4285; b, M-4312; c, M-4299; d, M-4348; 
e, M-4347; f, S f-5494; g, M-4283. 

Plate 34, Middle Ica II: a, M-4569; b, C1-4284; c, S e2-4897; d, C1-4568; 
e, S e2-4898. 

Plate 35, Middle Iea II: a, Z2-4836; b, C1-4581; c, M-4333; d, C1-4578; 
e, M-4305; f, M4296; g, M-4286; h, M-4314; 1, Z4-4847; j, M-4344; k, M-4461; 
I, M-4316; m, C1-+584; n, C1-4574; 0, M-4289; p, C10-4609; q, C10-4613; 
r, C10-4611; s, C10-4612. 

Plate 36, Late Ica I: a, Til1—5281; b, Til—5293; c, T h1—5168; d, T h1—5179; 
é, Til—5290; f, T i8—5302; g, T h1—5178; h, T i-5470; 4, Th1—5205; j, T h1—5194; 
k, T h1—5196; 1, S e-4900; m, T h1--5154; n, T h1—5141; 0, T h1-5142; p, T i1-5279; 
q, T £5114; r, T h2-5123. 

Plate 37, Late Ica I: a, T i1—5286; b, T h1—5164; c, Til—5290; d, T h1—5151; 
e, T i1—5283; f, Th1—-5170; g, T h1—5160; h, T h1—5162; 1, T i1—-5182; 7, T £-5100; 
k, T h1—5213; 1, T h1-5165. 

Plate 38, Late Ica II: a, T a—-4959; b, T a—4957; c, T a—4960; d, T n—5450; 
e, Tn—5451; f, T n—5449; g, T d10—5079; h, T a-4961; i, T d10—5083; j, T a4965. 

Plate 39, Inca: a, T a8—5025; 6b, T k-5394; c, Ti5-5338; d, T k—5369; e, 
T d8—5027; f, T k—-5386; g, T d8-5019. 

Plate 40, Inca: a, Ti—5424 (probably Inca); b, T k-5399; c, T d8—-5035; d. 
T d8—5041; e, T d8—5033; f, T d1-4997; g, T k-5370; h, T k—5392; 1, T d8—5027; 
j, T d8-5021; k, T1-5439; 1, T d8-5028; m, T k-5387; n, T d—5306 (probably 


Inea). 
Text figure 4, Proto-Nazea: B2-4625. 
Text figure 5, Proto-Nazca: S a—4894. 
Text figure 6, Epigonal: E2-3-4—4471. 
Text figure 7, Epigonal: H12—4544. 
Text figure 8, Epigonal: E14—4549. 
Text figure 9, Epigonal: E1—-4464. 


Text figure 10, Epigonal: E5-4474. 

Text figure 11, Epigonal: E11-4538. 

Text figure 12, Middle Ica I: C2-4592. 

Text figure 13, Middle Ica IJ: C1-4578. 

Text figure 14, Middle Ica IT: M-4333. 

Text figure 15, Middle Ica II: M-4303. 

Text figure 16, Middle Ica II: M-4302. 

Text figure 17, Inca: from left to right, top, T d8—5061, T d1-4998, T k—5388, 

T 15-5342; bottom, T k—5379, T k-5372, T 15-5340. 


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Vol. 11, 


De ee pext. neures,, December, 1908 ee eo ee ee cm i Ng 1.76 
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man. Pp, 18-44, plates 1-5, November, 19110... ccccccclecse cece ccc cceseeeneee 45 
3. Phonetic. Elements of the Mohave ‘Language, by A. L. Kroeber... Pp. 45-96, 
: plates: 6-20; November, 1912.7 sa ie Se ae eS 65 
4. The Ethnology of the Salinan Indians, by J. Alden Mason. Pp. 97-240, 
mt oe DIAtes..2i-O7. December 1 O12: a a Ye nae a ee 1.75 - 
. 5. Papago Verb Stems, by Juan Dolores. Pp, 241-263. August, 1913 222.0... 25 
' 6. Notes on the. Chilula Indians of Northwestern California, by Pliny -Harle 
‘Goddard. Pp. 265-288, plates 38-41. April, 1914 o0.co.e cece ecnees 30 
WI, Chilula Texts, by Pliny. Earle Goddard. Pp. 289-379. November, 1914... 1.00 
Index, pp. 381-385... 
1; Elements of the Kato Language, by. Pliny Earle Goddard, Pp. 1-176, plates. 
Po alist Da CTO DET: | LOLA om a. fide ce ee ey Se ee il aa eb a 2.00 
2. Phonetic Elements of the Dieguefio Language, by A. I. Kroeber and J. PB 
eo Barrinstom “Pp. 177-188. April, 1014) 0 en A BE Bo 
8. Sarsi Texts, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 189-277. ‘February, 1915 2.0000... 1.00 
4, Serian, Tequistlatecan, and Hokan, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 279-290. Febru- 
rp ary, "1915 CD GEE ot STS aS SAM Cn RORY by es ik SNR EE a st oalee SLORY EDS Ps eae PY 10 
_ 6. Dichotomous Social Organization in South Central California, by Edward 
DKA Winslow Gifford. Pp: 291-296. February, 1916 _oo.s oo. cect elie eee ~~ 05 
6. ‘The Delineation of the Day-Signs in the Aztec Manuscripts, by T. T.. Water- 
fe eal. SPP, 297-898; Maren SOT er eae Pn met Nett long 1.00 
7. The Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan Based on the Vocabulary of De la Cuesta, 
by J. Alden Mason.° Pp. 399-472. March, PONG eect te et ee oe -70 
Index, pp. 473-479, 
= Composition of California Shellmounds, by Edward Winslow Gifford. Pp. 
RBS SE GUNUAEY, LOVE: co. ated a leak a ete ST eh 330 
“<Q. California Place Names of Indian Origin, by A. TL. Kroeber. Pp. $1- 69. i 
Peps VON A 8 RP NSE RMN in® Mins SA tal ne NOES O eee, CA BaP Peniee Mla aie ata eam < ,40 
8. Arapaho Dialects, by A. I. Kroeber. Pp. 71-138. Une, VOEG. cae oo, 210 
- 4, Miwok Moieties, by Edward Winslow Gifford. Pp, 139-194. Fare, 1916....> -.55 
Be On Plotting the. Infiections of the Voice, by Cornelius B. Bradley. Py {95- 
Nd bot Sonlakese1-bs. “October, P16. 0 id MS ng eae ue 25 
6. Tiibatulabal and Kawaiisu. Kinship Terms, by> Edward Winslow Gifford. : 
ED. SbO-CA8— FePTUse yy 1 OL 0 ieee tc ete A AS A tee a BR . .80 
7, Bandelier’s Contribution to the Study of Ancien’ @revicar Social Organiza- 
tion, by T. T. Waterman. Pp. 249-282. February, 1917 2.0.2. 130. 
8, Miwok Myths, by. Edward Winslow Gifford, Pp. 283-338, plate: 6. May, a 
BUST pb Rais Siac ac ile PEs Pa As dete ple BL RPI ee aa ins ae See DG -< 
a California Kinship Scans. A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 339-396. May, 1917 22... « .60 
10. Ceremonies of the she Indians, by S. A. Barrett. Pp. 397-441, 8 text 
AUTOS. 0 WY cA Terk eee eer Peg ers ee ee Se eae " (46 
sake Pomo Bear Doctors, iy. S.A. Barrett. Pp. FAS AOS, plate 7. Jal TORT a 2S 





Mol. 12. 


: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS— (Continued) 
8. Pomo Indian Basketry, by S. A. Barrett. Pp. 133- 306, plates 15-30, 231 


ag pp. 67-275, 











~@ The Yana Indians, by . “Waterman, “Bp. “35-108, plates: 1-20. “pobraaey, vee : 
; A918 oe ee a a a es ee ee eee a 
“8. Yahi Archery, by Saxton T. Pope. Pp. 103-152, plates 21-37, .March, 1918 
4,.Yana Terms of Relationship, by Edward Sapir. “Pp. 153-173, March, 1918 
5. The Medical History of Ishi, by Saxton. T. Pope. Pp. 175-213, plates S844 Ae a 
8 figures “in text. May, 1920 so niece shane Spades seaeeee, ~ Ae ee 





6. The Fundamental Elements of Northern Yana, by Edward Sapir. . Pp, 215- ; ee ee ee 

2345 Aprile 908 oe 8 ee oe ee ee Ne ES cree 

7. Functional Families of the Patwin, by W. C. McKern. Pp. 235-258. “April, sis Adenia Fe 

ty > AN acne le See AER on. SAE SO MN EOE bee 

8. Elements of Culture in Native California, by. A, L. Kroeber, © Pp. 259-828, - Sa x eee 

with 4 maps... November 1922 ee a an eae “4.00 Ri IN 

9. A Study-of Bows and PIEOWS; by Saxton T. Pope, Bp. 29-414, plates 45. BOE gates ke 

G4, AT SISE, IO oreo sac geared beeen nsiategh aes pes ccabtel op aa oe a LD stor aie 
Vol.14, 1. The Language of the Salinan Indians, by J. ‘Alden Mase= sy (Pp. 1-154, Ri | cen gee 
Jantiary, 1918408 oc ee ee ne erie MN eareeesicie RA 


2. Clans ard moieties in Souvnem California, by Edward Winslow ‘Gifford. — A ae 
Pp. 155-219, 1 figure in text. March, 1918 00 ese 
3. Ethnogeography and Archaeology of the Wiyct rritory, by: Liewellyn ye pe RM 


Be crenctase! ae « 


Loud. Pp. 221-436, plates 1-21, 15 text i hee ‘Pecan bers 1918. As 2.50 Fo Sie 
4, The Wintun Hesi Ceremony, by S. A. Barrett. Pp. 437-488, plates 22-28, Bice 

Sfiguresin text: “March, 1919. 2 Sa Se ste om ek 
5.'The Genetic Relationship of the North American. Indian a Eanguasts, | MR ORS 

Paul Radin. Pp. 489-502. May, 1919 sno ccn. ch coc ccnceLsccenecseccteberowensee,-ueee ser | ae 


: Index, pp. 503-506. pei ao aes pen 
VoL 16, 1. Ifugao Law, by BR. F. Barton. Pp. 1- 186, plates 1-33. Febreack: 1919 see ROD SS im R58 
2, Nabaloi Songs, by C. R. Moss and A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 187-206. “May, 1 > m0 7s 

“8. Nabaloi Law and Ritual, by C. R. Moss. Pp, 207-342, plates 34-37, paeedoe =o 





a I: 710 ert Rg tte ei eae ean ce ae ah epee MR i AEE TS CA ec: -- 1.75 - 
4. Kankanay Ceremonies, by C. R. Moss. - Pp. 343-384, October, 1920 setae or |. ee 
~ 6, Ifugao Economics, by R. F. Barton. Pp. 385-446, plates 38-45. April, 1922 1.00 
Vol. 16. 1.- Myths of the Southern Sierra MiWor, by S.A. Barrett, <Pp, 1-28. ee 
TOT ee a a ae eh gem eee eee 

2. The Matrilineal Complex, by Robert H. Lowle. Pp. 29-45. March, 1919... 

8. The Linguistic. Families of California, by Roland B. Dixon and A; 
Kroeber, Pp. 47-118, map’1, 1 figure in text. September, 1919.2... 
4, Calendars of the Indians North of Mexico, by Leona Cope. Pp. 119-176 
with )3 maps. November, 1919 22.2. se. Nie ac ee r 
. 6, Yurok Geography, by T. T. Waterman. Pp. 17-814, Plates. 1-16, 14 “text ee 
figure, S34 maps: May; A920 ye co eee 2. 
6. The Cahuilla Indians, by Lucile Hooper. Pp. 315-380. April, 1920... ry he 

7. The Autobiography of. a Winnebago besa by Paul Badin. Pp 381-473. abt 































April, 1920 .. adage puns shedacsaSded aught atcante-eesepeenee Seen ae l 

8. Yuman Tribes of the: ‘Lower ‘Golorado, by A. L. Kroeber. . Pp. . es see 

A Angust; TODD: 2 ee aw gtk cea 
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Paul Radin. Pp. 1-150, 17 plates: June, 1920’ _.._.. Sete Rots eS tH L.75 | 

2. California Culture Provinces, by A. L. Kroeber. ‘Pp. 151-169,: 2 maps, 2 e 
September, 1920 coc. tee ipeecesececceese-seeoe ore arate 5 

3. Winter and Summer Dance Series in Parr ‘in 1918, by Elsie Giews arsons. > 
Pp. 171-216, 2 figures in text. August, 1922 000020 w.. 





4, Habitat of the Pitch Indians, a Wailaki- Division, by Pliny Earle Goddard. 
Pp. 217-225,.3 figures in text. February, 1924 = 
5. Nabaloi Tales, by C. RB. Moss. Pp. 227-353. September, 1924 Ss 75 
6. The Stege Mounds at Richmond, California, by Llewellyn I: errs Pp 5 
_ 855-372, plates 18, 19, 1 figure in text. September, 1924 ig, 
Vol. 18..1. Californian Kinship Terminologies, by Edward Winslow Gifford. 
with 29 maps. 
Vol. 19. 1. Wappo Texts, Pirst Series, by Paul Radin. ’ Pp, 1-147. February, igaa. 
Vol. 20. The Phoebe Apperson Hearst. Memorial Volume. xvi + 389 PP, 2 plates, 
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Vol.21. 1. The Uhle Collections from Chincha, by. v% x Kroeber’ and William Duncan 
Strong. Pp. 1-54, plates 1-24, 27 figures in text. : 
2.. Explorations at Chincha, by Max Uhle. Pp. 55-94, ‘figure in text. = 
Nos. 1 and 2 in one cover. September, 1924 -..0.00.000. ee 
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